Further to my post on querying AD with LDAP, to search for users by Windows username or email address one can use these commands:

# By username "username"
ldapsearch -x -W -D user@WINDOWS.DOMAIN.TLD -b dc=windows,dc=domain,dc=tld -H ldap://dc_ip_address/ samaccountname=username

# By email "email_address@domain.tld" (returning just CN and samaccountname)
ldapsearch -x -W -D user@WINDOWS.DOMAIN.TLD -b dc=windows,dc=domain,dc=tld -H ldap://dc_ip_address/ proxyaddresses=smtp:email_address@domain.tld samaccountname